I ni ce!
ߌ ߣߌ߫ ߗߋ ߸ ߖߋߙߊߡߌ߫
Cool to hear that you are diving into N’ko
Your question about the g
sound is a good one. And the answer is slightly complicated.
Short Answer
First, you are right: you don’t want to use ߜ
{gb}.
Instead; for now, you should use the equivalent of k
(ߞ):
ߒ ߕߐߞߐ ߞߏ ߖߋߙߊߡߌ
This isn’t “correct” N’ko spelling technically, but it’s a good place to start and even native speakers start out doing this like this when they are mostly “transcribing”. Later, you will learn how to “spell” properly.
(NOTE: That when representing foreign language words that require “g” specifically, N’ko calls for using ߜ
with a dot diacritic on the top: ߜ߭
, but I wouldn’t recommend that for writing a Manding word for reasons laid out below.)
Long Explanation
In short, g
is not part of the “sound inventory” of Manding in the N’ko tradition. For you as someone who started with Bambara in Latin script, this may seem a little weird, but let me explain.
In general in Manding, “intervocalic velars” (that is, sounds like k
, g
, x
, etc., that appear between two vowels) are non-contrastive. What I mean is that changing the sound between two vowels in a word like tɔgɔ
(using Latin-based Bambara orthography) does not alter the meaning. For instance:
tɔgɔ
tɔkɔ
tɔxɔ
tɔɔ (that is, with no “velar” sound between the ɔ
’s)
‘name’
All the different pronunciations mean the same thing.
This a little bit like in English with a sound like R
. We can use an American R
or a rolled Scottish R
in a word like “round” and it makes no difference, despite the fact that the sounds are different. They are “non-contrastive”.
In the N’ko tradition, the approach to this reality is actually to write such words with no intervocalic consonant at all (but with a diacritic above the vowels to represent lengthening [as well as tone, but let’s leave that aside]). For instance:
ߕߐ߮
In strict transliteration this could be:
{tɔ́ɔ̂}
(You may want to ignore the tonal diacritics that appear above the vowels for now. Just note how the single vowel ߐ
becomes two ɔ
’s in transliteration)
In N’ko teachings, this word can be pronounced orally as “tɔɔ”, “tɔgɔ”, “tɔkɔ”, “tɔkɔ”, etc.
If in N’ko though, you want or need to mark the fact that there is definitely a velar sound between vowels (like in the word fanga
‘strength’ [using Latin-based Bambara spelling], then the typical approach would be to actually use the equivalent of k
(that is, ߞ
in N’ko). For instance:
ߝߊ߲߬ߞߊ
In strict transliteration, this would be:
fànká
But of course, in the Latin-based Bambara tradition, they opt to write this as:
fanga
So basically, the N’ko-based and the Latin-based traditions have two different approaches and/or conventions that are related to their underlying conceptualization of the language.
If you want a fuller explanation, perhaps consider checking out the section labelled “Logographic Unity” on p. 209 of my dissertation (which addresses the ߜ
issue) or my article “Orthography, Standardization and Register: The Case of Manding”, which lays out the philosophical differences between N’ko and Latin orthography for Manding.
Hope that’s helpful!